Nearly everyone I know receives annual e-mails about Mars from an anonymous source, but sent to them by friends who could not resist forwarding the message to their entire address book. The e-mail declares that at the end of August, the planet Mars will sit closer to Earth than it has in the past 60,000 years, thereby offering spectacular views of the Red Planet. The commentary proclaims, with liberal use of exclamation marks, that Mars will appear as bright as (or as large as) the full Moon in the night sky.

This Martian hyperbole dates from August 2003, when the message was mildly factual, but vastly over-stated, leading people to believe Mars would be so bright that you might need sunglasses at night while driving. The rapid spread of this information was like some sort of brain info-virus, and led to at least one daily newspaper comic that showed Mars crashing into a home while the husband and wife were indoors, debating how close the planet will come.

Every 26 months, or so, Earth makes a close approach to Mars, as our smaller, swifter orbit overtakes Mars around the Sun. Because both the orbits of Mars and Earth are mildly elliptical, some close approaches between the two planets are closer than others, but by barely perceptible amounts.

So the proximity of Mars to Earth in August 2003, while indeed closer than in the past 60,000 years, was nonetheless no more meaningful than me swimming a hundred yards out from the California coast (instead of my usual seventy yards) and then declaring to the world I have never been this close to China before.

During close approaches, Mars slowly becomes one of the brightest objects in the night sky. But how bright is that? Slightly brighter than Jupiter's average brightness. And not as bright as that of Venus. Yet nobody has ever issued warning statements about the visibility of Jupiter or Venus. In any case, Mars has had a close approach 3,000 times in recorded history, and, of course, billions of times in Earth's history.

Now it's time for you to send this antidote to ail the infected people in your address book.

The rock that paves Mars's vast Arabia Terra region is very ancient and cratered. Now, the powerful HiRISE camera on the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter has taken striking images of wind-eroded outcrops on some of the crater floors. The outcrops' sedimentary layers appear to have built up with rhythmic regularity, suggesting that random, catastrophic events such as floods or volcanic eruptions did not create them.

So what did? HiRISE's high-resolution images allowed Mars researchers to use investigative techniques practiced by Earth geologists. A team of scientists from the California Institute of Technology, the U.S. Geological Survey, and the University of Arizona reconstructed a 3D topographic map of a hilly region in Arabia Terra. They used this map to measure the height and pattern of the rock layers.

The results suggest that regular climate events built up the layers in stages. The best candidate for what would set off such cycles is the shift of Mars's tilt on its axis, which varies by a few degrees on a 100,000-year rhythm. These types of orbital changes on Earth induce periodic ice ages due to the planet's position relative to the Sun.

See more of HiRISE's images—including a movie of the 3-D map—in the latest AMNH Astro Bulletin.