On April 23, 2009, NASA’s Swift satellite captured a glimpse of the most distant astronomical object ever seen—the fading afterglow of a massive stellar explosion called a gamma-ray burst. Astronomers calculated that the light from this burst took 13 billion years to reach Earth. This means the star exploded 13 billion years ago, just 630 million years after the Big Bang. Astronomers hoped that this event would offer the first observational evidence of an elusive class of stars called Population III. These are the Universe’s earliest stars, which contain a mixture of hydrogen, helium, and a bit of lithium created in the Big Bang. As Population III stars exploded and died, they combined these lighter elements into heavier ones that seeded subsequent generations of stars, including our own Sun, a Population I star. “Population III stars are very likely to look quite different from stars that we are used to,” says University of Leicester astronomer Nial Tanvir, whose team closely studied the April 23 gamma-ray burst. “They also likely undergo rather different evolutionary histories. One would be rather surprised if any gamma-ray bursts they produced didn't also look different.” Did this record-breaking explosion have telltale signs of a dying Population III star? Or must astronomers continue their quest? View the latest Astro Bulletin, below, to find out. .

To learn about other recent astronomical discoveries, visit the Science Bulletins website.

Circle November 17 on your calendar, for early that morning a good showing of Leonid meteors appears likely.

According to theoretical predictions by several noted astronomers who specialize in forecasting meteor showers, there might be anywhere from 20 to 30 meteors per hour seen under ideal conditions during the early morning of Tuesday, November 17th.

Actually, Leonid meteors can be seen every year around November 17th. Leonid particles typically are scattered sparsely, so that, in most years, we see only a few Leonid meteors per hour. For North America, this year's enhanced activity results mainly from the Earth passing through a trail of dust emitted by a small comet more than four centuries ago.

Best Views in the East

Observers in the eastern United States will be particularly favored for maximum activity is expected sometime between 3:30 and 5:30 a.m. Eastern standard time, when the radiant of the Leonid shower will be well up in the dark southeastern sky. (A meteor shower's radiant is the perspective point from which all the meteors would appear to originate if their paths were traced backward far enough. The higher the radiant is, the more meteors flash into view all over the sky.) The Leonid radiant is within the so-called Sickle of Leo; a backwards question-mark pattern of stars that outlines the head and mane of the constellation Leo, the Lion. Hence the meteors are known as Leonids. Nevertheless, observers all across North America may experience a good Leonid show with meteors flashing out every few minutes.

Also a big plus in 2009 is the lack of any interference from the Moon. New Moon is on November 16th, so skies will be dark for catching the fainter meteor streaks. And the first light of dawn will not break until shortly after 5 a.m. local time.

Cosmic Garbage to Light Up the Night

The Leonids are caused by cosmic garbage. That may not sound sexy, but it still should make for a good sky show. The meteors are produced by particles that are shed from the Comet Tempel-Tuttle every time it passes close to the Sun during its approximately 33-year orbital journey. Trailing behind the comet is a dirty trail of very small dust particles, generally less than 1 millimeter in size and orbiting the Sun. As the particles run into the Earth's atmosphere they vaporize within a few seconds at altitudes of about 60 miles above our heads.

Astronomers are forecasting that between roughly midnight and 5:30 a.m. on November 17th, the Earth make a 400,000-mile journey through a cloud of particles that was ejected from the nucleus of Comet Tempel-Tuttle back in the year 1567.

Larger particles, up to pebble-size, can produce brilliant meteors known as fireballs, rivaling in luminosity the brightest stars and planets and on rare occasions, even the Moon. Leonids travel at very high speeds through our atmosphere—up to 162,000 miles per hour—and some can leave bright trails of ionized atoms producing trains that can last for many seconds, or even minutes.

Observing Tips

In order to see meteors, the sky must be clear and your selected observing site should preferentially be free of light pollution; the less light, the more meteors will be seen! Notice that Leonid meteors occur in the after-midnight hours. Hence, there is no point in starting your observation much earlier. Diehards who do not want to miss anything of the show should then continue to watch until dawn. Those who cannot afford to stay up that long should focus on a period of, say, one or two hours. The very best interval to watch is expected to be between 3:30 and 5:30 a.m. EST on the morning of Tuesday, November 17th.

Be very aware that it can be very cold in mid-November: you should, of course, wrap-up well in several layers of warm clothing to ward off the cold. For comfortable observing, use a reclining chair and place yourself either in a suitable sleeping bag or under several blankets. While observing, do not fix a particular star, but scan the area of sky from the north-west to east. Look relaxedly and patiently across a wide area of sky and wait for a shooting star to appear.

Leonid Storms

Old chronicles contain references to past Leonid meteor storms back to the 10th century A.D. The best-known Leonid meteor storms are those of 1833 and 1966, when literally tens of thousands of meteors darted across the skies during the peak hour! The 1833 meteor storm was so spectacular that it in fact launched meteor research as a branch of astronomy.

Unfortunately, we cannot expect a repeat of that in 2009, but with Leonids appearing at an average of every two or three minutes, a very entertaining meteor display is anticipated.

Good Luck and Clear Skies! And, feel free to share your experiences in the comments section of this post.

Evidence is mounting of a widespread yet faint signature of water on Earth’s moon that is strongest near the poles. See the signature in the Astro Bulletin from October 19, 2009 along with recent images from NASA’s water-seeking LCROSS mission, which crashed part of its spacecraft into a frozen crater at the Moon’s south pole on October 9, 2009. We’ll be keen to know if LCROSS mission scientists confirm traces of water ice in the faint plume of debris kicked up by the impact. NASA will reveal results in the coming weeks.

This Astro Bulletin from July 21, 2008 highlights a previous discovery of lunar water dissolved inside tiny, glassy rocks that astronauts on the Apollo missions brought back from the Moon about 40 years ago. Clues to the water content in these volcanically formed beads have turned up since the 1980's, yet technology is only now sufficiently advanced to detect such trace amounts.

To learn about other recent astronomical discoveries, visit the Science Bulletins website.