Clear skies over these next few nights and enough personal stamina to stay awake will afford a view of one of the flashiest meteor displays of the year. The annual Perseid Meteor Shower has been slowly ramping up in intensity since this past weekend and viewers from around the world have been delighted by views of these bright streaks of light darting across the night sky. In some special cases, they’ve put on spectacular—albeit brief—shows.

On Saturday, Ernõ Berkó from Ludányhalaszi, Hungary witnessed a Perseid that he estimated at magnitude -10; more than one-hundred times brighter than the planet Venus (which, along with Mars and Saturn currently adorns the southwest sky right after sunset).

Excellent New England weather last weekend brought more than a thousand amateur astronomers to the 75th Stellafane Convention, just outside of Springfield, Vermont. While the emphasis was on observing the sky with telescopes, many participants also enjoyed the views of an occasional Perseid cutting a path across the sky. Every time one was seen, the watchers said: “Ooooohh!” Steve Lieber of the Astronomical Society of Long Island (ASLI) notes: “On Saturday night, one bolide (exploding meteor) lit up the field. Looked like a flash going off. Saw the vapor trail for 15-20 seconds after that.” And the best is yet to come!

The peak of this year's Perseids is forecast (for North America) to come during the afternoon hours on Thursday (Aug. 12), which means that greatest number of meteors will probably be seen late that night into the predawn hours of Friday. At these times a single observer might count anywhere from 60 to 100 per hour.

But don’t overlook late Wednesday night (Aug. 11) into early Thursday morning, when about two-thirds of that number might be seen. And even late on Friday night (Aug. 13) into early Saturday hourly rates will still be respectable, though probably numbering about one-quarter to one-half of the numbers seen on the peak night. Over this upcoming weekend you can still probably catch sight of a lingering few.

Comet Crumbs

The Perseids are the remnants of Comet Swift-Tuttle, which last visited the inner solar system in 1992. Every August, like clockwork, our planet Earth cuts through the “river of rubble” left behind along the orbit of the comet. And yet, while comets are composed chiefly of frozen gas, meteors are very flimsy. They’re material that has flaked off comets and they’re similar in consistency to cigar ash; they litter up our solar system. Most are scarcely larger than pebbles or sand grains. In the case of the Perseids, they come crashing into Earth’s atmosphere at estimated speeds as high as 37 miles per second—133,000 miles per hour. These tiny visitors from the cold, vast voids of stellar space, have been orbiting in the solar system for perhaps hundreds or even thousands of years, but cannot survive the shock of entry, and end up streaking across the sky in a brief, blazing finale lasting but a few seconds. Their kinectic energy is used up in such processes as the production of light, heat and ionization. Thus, such a tiny particle bursts into incandescence from friction, producing the shooting star effect and can be seen from more than 100-miles away.

But it’s really the light energy it develops, not the particle itself that we see.

Observing Tips

Astronomers offer this advice: Get as far away from bright city lights as you can, although a few of the brightest meteors may be glimpsed even over the sooty curtain of large, light polluted metropolitan areas. Hope for a clear, dry night. You can start your watch as early as 10 p.m., although the best views will come between 2 a.m. and the first light of dawn. Any lawn or rooftop can serve as an observatory when it comes to meteor watching. Relax in a lawn chair and scan the heavens from the south over toward the northeast. They are named the Perseid meteors because their fiery trails, if extended to a common point of intersection, would seem to originate near to the Double Star Cluster in the constellation Perseus , which on mid August evenings rises from the northeast.

But their associated meteors could make their fiery plunges into the atmosphere over a wide range of the sky. As the night progresses, the stars of Perseus, which lies low to the northeast horizon before midnight, will slowly climb progressively higher into the sky. During the first part of the night, the meteors may appear to describe rather long paths across the heavens; after midnight they’ll appear more like short, swift streaks. As has already been noted, some Perseids leave particularly long-enduring trains in their wake. With binoculars one can see these trains drifting against the backdrop of the stars, indicative of swift winds in the very high atmosphere. But generally speaking, binoculars and especially telescopes are not particularly recommended because your unaided eyes can take in much larger areas of the sky.

And there is absolutely no danger in getting hit by a Perseid because they are consumed high above our heads at altitudes of 60 to 80 miles. One former Chief Astronomer at the Hayden Planetarium, the late Dr. Kenneth L. Franklin, often would point out that the only dangers from watching a Perseid shower is getting drenched in dew and falling asleep.

For those who sleep through the Perseids, the next really prominent meteor shower will come in mid-December, the time of the Geminid Meteors.

Scientists estimate that every few hundred thousand years an asteroid capable of causing global catastrophe careens dangerously close to Earth. Science-fiction writers and movie directors have capitalized on this statistic so much that many people connote “asteroid” with apocalypse. Yet asteroids are, in fact, incredibly useful objects by which to study the very beginnings of the Solar System.

Asteroids are astronomical leftovers—ancient rubble that failed to accrete into planets as the Solar System formed more than four billion years ago. Many asteroids retain chemical components that are virtually unchanged from this formative period, whereas on the planets, the Moon, and some large asteroids, these components have melted and undergone other geologic alterations. Asteroids range in size from about one-third the size of the Moon to little more than gravel. Astronomers estimate that there are billions of asteroids in the Solar System, and most of them reside in the asteroid belt between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter.

Scientists from around the world are currently experimenting with new ways to study these treasure troves of data, including three missions designed to collect asteroid images, samples, and other data.

Japan’s Hayabusa spacecraft, which launched on May 9, 2003, was the first mission specifically designed to return asteroid samples to Earth. Hayabusa began orbiting the near-Earth asteroid Itokawa in September 2005. After remotely collecting data about the asteroid’s composition, density, topography, and more, the spacecraft made a successful landing on Itokawa in November of that year. Unfortunately, the sampling equipment malfunctioned. While Hayabusa’s capsule successfully returned to Earth on June 13, 2010, the technical glitches may mean that very little useful material from the asteroid was captured. Scientists are now investigating the few particles discovered in the capsule to know for certain.

The Rosetta robotic spacecraft, which was launched by the European Space Agency (ESA) on March 2, 2004, is currently en route to reach comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko in 2014. Along the way, it aims to fly by a handful of main-belt asteroids for data collection. The first fly-by, of asteroid 21 Lutetia, was successfully completed on July 10, 2010, yielding some of the most detailed asteroid images ever collected.

Another asteroid-bound spacecraft, NASA’s Dawn, will reach 4 Vesta, the first of two large main-belt asteroids it will visit, by autumn 2011. After nearly a year in orbit around Vesta, Dawn will depart for its three-year trip to the most massive known asteroid, 1 Ceres. Dawn is not only the first spacecraft to visit either of these space rocks, but also is taking the first attempt to orbit a space body and then proceed to orbit a second target.

For more recent space news, visit the Science Bulletins website.

Swift is a NASA satellite designed to spot gamma-ray bursts, the most powerful explosions in the Universe. They are named for the extremely energetic gamma rays they emit. Swift can also detect high-energy, or "hard" X-rays, which have nearly the energy of gamma rays. Swift’s ongoing survey of hard X-rays in space is revealing details about the kinds of dynamic cosmic activity can release such high-energy wavelengths of light. What kinds? Find out in the latest Astro Bulletin:

Swift’s views reveal only a spot of bright light at the source of the X-rays. By comparing Swift’s X-ray sources to visible-light views of the same regions, scientists found that many of the high-energy X-ray emissions are positioned at the centers of colliding galaxies. Since supermassive black holes typically occupy galaxy centers, the research supports theories that the merger of matter in the galaxy centers can fuel black holes to spawn extraordinary flares of high-energy light, much more energy than is typically observed from the center of a single, non-colliding galaxy. The find has meaning for the future of the black hole at the center of our own Milky Way galaxy, which is destined to collide with the nearby Andromeda galaxy in approximately three billion years. The collision simulation in this Astro Bulletin was developed by AMNH astrophysicists and featured in the Space Show Cosmic Collisions.

For more astronomy news, follow along to the Science Bulletins website.